Final Fantasy Tactics On PS4: Complete Guide to Gameplay, Strategy, and Hidden Secrets

Final Fantasy Tactics PS4 is a tactical RPG masterpiece that continues to captivate players nearly three decades after its original release. Whether you’re a first-time strategist diving into the War of the Lions or a veteran returning to Ivalice, the PS4 version delivers a refined experience that respects the classic while modernizing gameplay for contemporary systems. The shift from real-time action to turn-based tactical combat demands precise positioning, smart ability management, and, let’s be honest, sometimes a bit of patience when RNG doesn’t cooperate. If you’re looking to dominate every battle, recruit rare characters, and unlock the endgame content that separates casuals from completionists, this guide covers everything you need to know to master Final Fantasy Tactics on PS4.

Key Takeaways

  • Final Fantasy Tactics PS4 is a strategically deep tactical RPG that combines grid-based positioning, a 20+ job system, and turn-based combat to create one of gaming’s most intricate strategic experiences.
  • The PS4 version delivers 1080p graphics at 60 FPS with improved translation, fast load times, and quality-of-life features like speed-up dialogue, making it the most accessible entry point for modern players.
  • Master terrain advantage and unit positioning as the foundation of combat strategy—elevation, spread formation, and funneling enemies create overwhelming tactical advantages regardless of level.
  • Building a balanced team with specialized roles (frontline defender, damage dealer, healer, and flex unit) and avoiding single overpowered units is more effective than powerleveling in Final Fantasy Tactics PS4.
  • Endgame broken builds like Arithmetician Overlord, Holy Knight Paladin, and Ninja Dancer Hybrids exploit job combinations and support abilities to trivialize late-game content for experimentation-driven players.
  • With 30-40 hours for story completion and 100+ hours for completionist content including hidden rare recruits, optional dungeons, and all job masteries, Final Fantasy Tactics PS4 offers exceptional value and replayability.

What Is Final Fantasy Tactics PS4?

Final Fantasy Tactics PS4 is the enhanced port of the original 1998 PS1 tactical RPG, originally titled Final Fantasy Tactics: War of the Lions on PSP, brought to PlayStation 4 in 2017. The game transposes you into the medieval kingdom of Ivalice during a time of political upheaval, religious conflict, and warfare between noble houses. You control Ramza, a young knight caught in the middle of a conspiracy that spans far beyond typical political intrigue.

Unlike traditional Final Fantasy entries that focus on linear storytelling and real-time combat, FFT demands strategic thinking. Every battle plays out on an isometric grid where unit positioning, elevation, and movement ranges dictate victory or defeat. You’ll recruit dozens of characters, experiment with different job classes, and craft loadouts specifically tailored to each encounter. The narrative explores themes of conspiracy, faith, and the cost of war, it’s darker and more mature than most FF entries, which is part of what makes it endure.

The PS4 version is available on PlayStation Store for digital download and comes with all the refinements from the PSP War of the Lions version, including new jobs, abilities, and story sequences that fill narrative gaps. There’s no physical copy release for PS4, so it’s digital-only on that platform. If you want a physical copy, the PSP version is still available secondhand, but the PS4 iteration is the most accessible entry point for modern players.

Key Differences From Original PS1 Version

The PS4 version of Final Fantasy Tactics is based on the PSP’s War of the Lions translation, not the original PS1 release. This means you’re not getting the exact same experience as the 1998 classic, but most changes are improvements that make the game more balanced and accessible.

Graphics and Performance Improvements

The PS4 version runs at 1080p resolution with smoothed character models and cleaner UI compared to the original 1998 assets. Pre-rendered backgrounds have been upscaled, though they still retain that PlayStation-era aesthetic. The frame rate is stable at 60 FPS in battle, which makes turn-based combat feel responsive rather than sluggish. Load times are nearly instant thanks to SSD storage, a massive quality-of-life win compared to waiting for PS1 disc reads.

Character sprites have been redrawn and now feature more detail without losing the classic chibi proportions that define FFT’s visual identity. Special effects during ability animations are crisper, though the overall art direction remains true to the original vision. It’s not a full remake like Final Fantasy VII Remake, but it’s a respectful modernization that lets the game age gracefully on contemporary hardware.

Quality-of-Life Changes and Features

The War of the Lions translation (which PS4 uses) fixed one of the biggest criticisms of the original PS1 version: the archaic, sometimes awkward English dialogue. The new translation is cleaner and more readable, though it comes with slightly different character voices in cutscenes. If you’re a purist attached to the original script, this might feel jarring, but most players find it an improvement.

Quality-of-life additions include:

  • Speed-up feature: Press a button to fast-forward dialogue and animation sequences (a godsend during your second playthrough).
  • Improved UI: Menus are more responsive and intuitive than the original PSP version.
  • Job system expansion: The PS4 version includes the Freelancer and Dark Knight jobs from War of the Lions, plus balance adjustments that made several underutilized classes viable.
  • New story chapters: The PSP version added Orbonne Monastery chapters that flesh out the Zodiac Brave story arc, creating a fuller narrative experience.
  • Save functionality: PS4’s quick-save system (via cloud saves) provides security that the original PS1 memory card system never had.

One thing to note: the PS4 version does not include the multiplayer Melee mode from the original PS1. That’s a minor loss for most single-player focused players, but if you were hoping for PvP tactics, you won’t find it here.

Combat System and Job Classes Explained

Final Fantasy Tactics’ combat revolves around turn-based grid positioning and a deep job class system that rivals most tactical RPGs. Understanding how jobs interact and how to leverage positioning is the foundation of mastery.

Understanding Job Classes and Abilities

Jobs determine your unit’s stats, movement range, and available abilities. The game features over 20 distinct jobs, ranging from basic Knight and Archer to specialized roles like Mime, Zodiac Braver, and Dark Knight. Each job has an inherent ability tree, you learn passive and active skills by equipping the job and accumulating Job Points (JP) during combat.

Key job tiers to know:

  • Tier 1 Jobs (Squire, Chemist, Archer, Monk, Knight, Wizard, White Mage, Black Mage): Your starting point. Solid fundamentals but quickly outscaled as you progress.
  • Tier 2 Jobs (Samurai, Dragoon, Thief, Cleric, Paladin, Dark Knight): Require prerequisite jobs to unlock. These introduce specialized niches and unique mechanics.
  • Tier 3 Jobs (Mime, Zodiac Brave, Ultima, Arithmetician): Late-game powerhouses with access to rare and broken abilities. Mimes copy any ability, Arithmeticians can execute mathematically-triggered moves, Zodiac Braves wield ultimate weapons.

Job progression isn’t linear, you gain JP toward a job’s mastery bar regardless of equipped job, as long as you’ve unlocked it. This means you can switch to a support role mid-battle while still grinding out Knight abilities on your main DPS unit.

Ability types break down into:

  • Weapon abilities: Physical attacks tied to equipped weapons (swords, bows, staves, etc.).
  • Job abilities: Unique skills of the equipped job (e.g., Black Mage’s Fire, Ice, Thunder spells).
  • Reaction abilities: Passives that trigger during specific events (counterattacking, dodging, being healed).
  • Support abilities: Passive bonuses that modify your character (move +1, increased JP gain, elemental resistance).
  • Movement abilities: Determine how far and how your unit traverses terrain.

The interplay between these layers creates incredible depth. A Knight with Thief’s Steal ability + Paladin’s Holy Knight counter becomes a hybrid unit that’s completely different from a pure Knight.

Building an Effective Combat Team

Your active battle roster is typically 5 units per map (sometimes fewer depending on the mission). Every unit doesn’t need to excel at everything, specialized roles are actually stronger than generalists in FFT.

Winning team archetypes:

  • The Frontline Defender: Knight or Paladin with high HP and defensive support abilities. Equip shields and plate armor. Their job is to absorb hits and lock down terrain. Position them in bottlenecks to control enemy movement.
  • The Damage Dealer: Samurai or Dark Knight with high ATK and aggressive job abilities. Equip the best available weapon and prioritize dealing consistent, high damage. Your MVP in raw DPS.
  • The Magical Specialist: Black Mage or Arithmetician. Leverages spell range to attack from safe distances. Arithmetician is overpowered late-game if you understand its mechanics.
  • The Support/Healer: White Mage or Priest. Essential for keeping your frontline alive. Healing spells have a range and an area-of-effect, positioning them where they can cover multiple units prevents overkill on single targets.
  • The Flex Role: Chemist, Thief, or Ranger. Flexible enough to adapt to your team’s weaknesses. Thieves steal items and gil: Rangers provide ranged physical damage: Chemists use items and potions with extended range.

Terrain and elevation matter enormously. A unit on high ground gets +1 weapon range and defensive evasion bonuses. Place your mages on elevated platforms so melee units can’t reach them easily. Use terrain to funnel enemies into killzones where your team has numerical or positional advantage.

Critical team-building principle: Don’t overleveled a single overpowered unit. FFT doesn’t scale difficulty based on average party level, it checks your strongest unit’s level. Three characters at level 30 can dominate an area where you’ve powerleveled one character to level 50. Balanced growth is more effective for long-term progression.

Essential Beginner Tips and Strategy Fundamentals

The early game teaches you the core mechanics, but it’s easy to form bad habits that haunt you later. These fundamentals prevent the frustration that causes many players to abandon FFT.

Early Game Preparation and Unit Leveling

Your starting unit is Ramza, a Squire. He’s forced into most story battles, so don’t stress about his build initially. Early story maps are designed to teach you turn-based positioning without punishing bad decisions too harshly.

As soon as you can recruit units (usually after the first 2-3 story battles), start building a balanced roster:

  • Recruit a healer (White Mage) immediately. Healing spells cost MP but don’t cost gold like items. Your earlygame cash is tight.
  • Add a second physical damage dealer. An Archer works great early because they have decent range and decent DPS.
  • Keep your frontline unit (start with Ramza in Knight job) separate from your support units.

Level management early game:

  • Don’t grind excessively. The game is designed so that slightly underleveled units can still win with smart tactics. Grinding for 2-3 hours to steamroll encounters is overkill.
  • Use story battles for experience. They give solid JP and level-ups without the monotony of arena grinding.
  • Separate your units by 2-3 levels max. If your strongest unit is level 15 and your weakest is level 7, the level 7 unit becomes a liability in meaningful battles.
  • Job switching early is crucial. Equip your Knight as a Squire to learn Squire abilities (Accumulate, Draw Out) while grinding Knight experience. Once Knight abilities are learned, switch back. This teaches the system’s flexibility.

Early economy tips:

  • You’ll be broke early. Armor and weapons are expensive, so prioritize upgrading one unit’s weapon rather than spreading cash thin across everyone.
  • Sell dropped items and loot aggressively. You’ll find better gear as you progress.
  • Don’t buy healing items if you have a healer. It’s wasteful. Use items strategically (revives, antidotes) rather than for standard healing.

Terrain Advantage and Positioning Tactics

Terrain is the hidden MVP of FFT strategy. Misunderstanding it is why new players get destroyed on maps they “should” be able to win.

Terrain mechanics:

  • Elevation: High ground gives +1 range and evasion. Place your glass cannons (mages, archers) on hills or roofs. Place your tanks in valleys where enemies need to climb toward them.
  • Slopes and Movement: Moving up a slope costs 1.5x movement. A Knight with Move: 3 can move 4 squares across flat terrain but only 2-3 squares climbing a hill. Plan pathing accordingly.
  • Elemental terrain: Some maps have tiles with elemental properties (fire, ice, wind, water). A unit standing on fire terrain takes passive damage and is weak to water but resistant to cold. Use this against enemies: avoid standing on terrain that counters your unit’s weakness.
  • Walls and obstacles: They block both LOS (line of sight) for ranged attacks and movement. Walls are your friend, use them to block incoming ranged attacks and create defensible positions.
  • Environmental hazards: Water and lava tiles damage units that step on them. Plan routes that avoid hazards while forcing enemies through them.

Positioning fundamentals:

  1. Spread your units. Don’t cluster in one corner. Enemies will focus fire on clustered units, and splash damage (from spells and area effects) multiplies. Spread horizontally to force enemies to split their attention.
  2. Protect your healer first. Position your healer where they can reach your frontline with healing spells but are physically isolated from enemy melee units. Enemies will rush a healer if they can reach it: make it cost them.
  3. Attack from multiple angles. A unit surrounded by opponents takes attacks from all sides. Surround enemies when possible to disable their movement or force them to use their turn defending.
  4. Use walls as cover. In maps with destructible or non-destructible walls, position your physical damage dealers where walls block incoming ranged fire. Mages need line of sight to cast spells: block their LOS and they’re forced to reposition.
  5. Funnel enemy movement. Use your units as mobile walls. Position your Knight to block pathways so enemies are forced to move where you want them.

Position a single strong enemy in a funnel (a narrow corridor created by terrain and your units) and your team can focus fire and eliminate it before it escapes. This is why even outnumbered teams win, control the battlefield.

Advanced Strategies and Hidden Content

Once you’ve mastered the fundamentals, FFT rewards experimentation with broken builds and hidden mechanics that trivialize otherwise difficult encounters.

Rare Recruitable Characters and Side Quests

Final Fantasy Tactics features dozens of recruitable units beyond your starting roster. Some are story mandatory, but others are hidden in optional battles or have strict recruitment conditions. Recruiting them isn’t just for completionists, certain rare units provide abilities unavailable through normal job progression.

Notable rare recruits:

  • Reis: Available in the optional Bervenia Free Company chapter. She’s a Dragoon with incredible physical damage output and unique reaction abilities. Slightly underleveled but worth the recruitment.
  • Cloud Strife: Yes, that Cloud. He’s recruitable via a hidden sidequest in the Multiplayer mode (which requires specific conditions in-game). Cloud is absurdly overpowered and trivializes many endgame battles. His Limit Break ability deals massive damage regardless of positioning or terrain.
  • Worker 8: A construct with balanced stats and access to Golem magic. Situational but excellent for magic-heavy teams.
  • Rafa and Malak: Story characters tied to the Orbonne Monastery chapters. Both are powerful units with unique abilities unavailable elsewhere.
  • Mustadio: Required for story progression. Equipped with guns and gadgets rather than traditional weapons. His utility abilities (locks, traps) are invaluable in certain late-game scenarios.

Side content breakdown:

  • Artefacts quests: NPCs offer bounties (hunts) where you battle specific units for rewards. Completing these unlocks recruitment opportunities and grants rare items.
  • Melee battles: Random encounters you can engage for experience and loot grinding. These aren’t mandatory but efficient if you need JP fast.
  • Orbonne Monastery: The late-game optional dungeon. Unlocked after a specific story milestone. It’s brutal, battles scale to your current level, but rewards are immense. Clearing it unlocks the Zodiac Brave job, one of the strongest jobs in the game.
  • The Deep Dungeon: An optional gauntlet of 10 battles. Completing it is one of the most challenging content in FFT and grants ultimate rewards. Most players never finish it, which is why beating it is a bragging right.

Hidden content philosophy: FFT doesn’t hand-hold. If something seems optional, you can skip it and still beat the game. But the hidden stuff is often cooler than the mandatory story beats. Explore Final Fantasy Tactics thoroughly, secrets reward curiosity.

Optimal Class Combinations and Endgame Builds

Once you understand job mechanics, min-maxing becomes viable. Certain combinations are objectively broken and will delete enemies from the map.

Broken endgame builds:

  • Arithmetician Overlord: Arithmeticians execute mathematically-triggered abilities (e.g., “if target’s level is divisible by 3, deal 400 damage”). Pair Arithmetician with the Doublecast support ability and they cast two spells per turn. Add Time Mage’s Haste and Arithmetician moves twice per turn. One unit solos endgame content.
  • Holy Knight Paladin: Paladins have a reaction ability that counters ALL attacks with Holy Knight (an area damage spell). Pair this with high evasion (via Thief job abilities) and infinite counterattacks, essentially reflecting damage back at enemies. They can’t kill your Paladin because every hit triggers counters.
  • Ninja Dancer Hybrid: Ninjas get TWO attacks per turn via Dual Wield. Dancers have Rumba of the Beast, which adds evasion and counterattacks. Combine these and your Ninja dodges most attacks while dealing 4 hits per turn (Dual Wield + Doublecast). Pure DPS dominance.
  • Time Mage Delayer: Time Mage’s Slow spell can be stacked with supports to delay enemy turns indefinitely. If an enemy never gets a turn, it can’t attack. This is mathematically broken for raw survival.

Support ability tier list (in order of usefulness):

  1. Doublecast: Cast two spells per turn. Enables spell-based DPS.
  2. Move +3 or Move +2: Extended movement range. Mobility is king in positioning-heavy combat.
  3. Dual Wield: Attack twice per turn. Doubles physical DPS output.
  4. Regenerator: Passive healing each turn. Free survival for frontline units.
  5. Reaction: Counter/Holy Knight/Blade Grasp: Auto-trigger effects on enemy attacks. Free damage or damage negation.

Stats vs. Job synergy: Don’t force a unit into a job it doesn’t synergize with. A Samurai with high STR and low MAG won’t benefit from Black Mage magic even though high job damage output. Match unit stats to job requirements for optimal damage scaling. A unit’s inherent stat growth is locked by their recruitment, you can’t respec stats, only swap jobs.

Common Challenges and How to Overcome Them

Even with optimal strategies, FFT has notorious difficulty spikes. These aren’t impossible but require specific counter-tactics.

Difficult Boss Fights and Strategy Solutions

Final Fantasy Tactics’ bosses aren’t just statistically strong, they’re tactically dangerous. They often come with elite AI, high resistances, or gimmicks you need to learn.

Notorious difficulty spikes:

  • Wiegraf (Cloudform): An optional mid-game boss that stops many casual players. Wiegraf gains status immunity after the first phase and hits extremely hard. Counter: Use Disable or Silence abilities before he transforms. If he goes Cloudform (his ultimate form), focus all damage on him and heal aggressively. He’s pure melee, so ranged units trivialize the fight.
  • Elmdor: This boss has permanent Invisible status, making him unhittable by normal attacks. You can’t target invisible enemies. Counter: Cast Dispel to remove Invisible status, or use abilities that don’t require targeting (area spells like Holy, area-effect reactions). Alternatively, equip Rend Spirit or use auto-hit abilities.
  • Zalmo: A Dark Knight with Holy resistance and status immunity. Counter: Use non-Holy magical damage (Fire, Ice, Thunder, Wind). Avoid Holy-based damage entirely. Equip status resistance gear.
  • Cuchulainn: An optional superboss with gimmick mechanics (status effects that scale over time). Counter: Have a healer with Full-Life or a Chemist with Phoenix Down. Debuff him with Slow and Disable if possible. This fight rewards pure damage output and heavy support.

General boss strategy framework:

  1. Scout the arena. Move your units safely out of LoS and observe the boss’s movement and abilities. Most bosses reveal their patterns in the first two turns.
  2. Debuff before damage. Silence, Disable, or Slow the boss before committing to damage. Reduced turns = reduced danger.
  3. Don’t bunch units. Bosses often have area attacks. Spread your units to minimize splash damage.
  4. Use environmental advantages. If the map has elevation, use it. Force the boss to move disadvantageously.
  5. Focus fire. Don’t dilute damage across multiple targets if the boss is alone. Burn it down before it scales in power or heals.

Grinding Efficiently for Experience and Gil

Grinding in FFT can be tedious if you don’t know where to grind. Some areas are exponentially better than others.

Best grinding spots by progression stage:

  • Early game (Levels 1-15): Story battles are your best bet. Artefact battles (hunts) give solid JP. Avoid grinding in random Melee battles, they’re slow.
  • Mid-game (Levels 15-30): Orbonne Monastery side chapters offer great XP and JP. If unlocked, Melee battles against themed enemy teams are efficient.
  • Late-game (Levels 30+): The Deep Dungeon is optimal if you’re strong enough to reach higher levels. Otherwise, Melee battles with high-level teams scale with your party and provide consistent grinding.

Gil-efficient strategies:

  • Monster drops: Specific enemies drop rare items worth thousands of Gil. Learn which enemies drop high-value loot and hunt them. Discover Final Fantasy Armor progression paths for loot optimization.
  • Artefact quest rewards: Bounties reward Gil and rare items. Prioritize bounties that pay well.
  • Sell loot aggressively: Don’t hoard equipment. Sell dropped gear immediately unless you need it for your current units.
  • Avoid unnecessary purchases: Don’t buy healing items or low-tier equipment. Find them or craft them. Save Gil for meaningful upgrades (high-tier weapons, legendary armor).

JP grinding considerations:

  • Equip underleveled jobs: To learn new job abilities quickly, equip a job you want to master even if it’s weak for your current battle. As long as you survive, JP accrues regardless of job relevance.
  • Melee battles against weak enemies: Set up custom battles against low-level enemies. You’ll win quickly and gain consistent JP without time investment.
  • Combination grinding: Grind Gil and JP simultaneously by hunting high-value enemies in Melee mode. This maximizes efficiency.

Reality check: Some grinding is inevitable in FFT, but excessive grinding (20+ hour sessions) indicates a strategy problem rather than a level problem. If you’re struggling, revisit team composition and ability selection rather than grinding for 10 more levels. Understand Final Fantasy Tactics Advance mechanics to inform your FFT strategies, many core concepts translate across the series.

Is Final Fantasy Tactics PS4 Worth Playing Today?

By 2026, FFT is nearly 28 years old. Age doesn’t disqualify it, but it’s fair to ask if it holds up.

The verdict: Yes, absolutely. Final Fantasy Tactics remains one of the strongest tactical RPGs ever made. Its job system, positioning mechanics, and narrative depth haven’t been surpassed by most modern competitors. Games like Fire Emblem: Three Houses and Divinity: Original Sin 2 are excellent, but FFT’s breadth of customization and endgame replayability outpaces them.

Pros:

  • Incredible replayability: With 20+ jobs and dozens of unit combinations, every playthrough feels different.
  • Deep narrative: The War of the Lions narrative is mature, politically complex, and thematically rich, leagues ahead of typical JRPG storytelling.
  • Tight mechanics: Positioning and terrain interaction haven’t been improved meaningfully in other games. FFT got it right.
  • Accessibility on PS4: The port is stable, loads fast, and includes quality-of-life improvements.
  • Longevity: Story takes 30-40 hours: completionist playthroughs exceed 100 hours. You get your money’s worth.

Cons:

  • Pacing issues: Early story drags. Some battles feel like filler. The game improves dramatically in the second half.
  • No multiplayer: The original PS1 version had Melee, which PS4 dropped. That’s a loss for people who liked PvP.
  • Dated visuals: It looks good for a PS1-era game, but it’s not AAA-2026 standards. If you need cutting-edge graphics, look elsewhere.
  • Difficulty spikes: Some boss fights are brutally hard without specific knowledge or counters. Newcomers occasionally hit walls.

Who should play FFT PS4:

  • Tactical RPG fans who haven’t experienced the classic.
  • Final Fantasy enthusiasts seeking deeper worldbuilding than mainline entries.
  • Strategy game lovers comfortable with turn-based combat.
  • Completionists who want 100+ hours of engaging content.

Who might skip it:

  • Players who need real-time, fast-paced action. FFT is slow and methodical.
  • People allergic to grinding. Some optional content requires level-appropriate power.
  • Gamers expecting modern graphics and voice acting. FFT is retro in presentation.

According to review aggregators, FFT PS4 scores around 7.5-8.0 on Metacritic, reflecting strong critical reception tempered by its age and niche appeal. It’s not a 10/10 masterpiece by modern standards, but it’s a solid 8/10 that rewards engagement and strategic thinking. For $20 (typical sale price), it’s a bargain.

Conclusion

Final Fantasy Tactics PS4 is a refined, accessible entry point into one of gaming’s most intricate tactical systems. Whether you’re motivated by the convoluted political intrigue of Ivalice, the satisfaction of executing a perfect battle strategy, or the drive to unlock every hidden job and recruit every rare character, FFT delivers.

Start with the fundamentals: spread your units, use terrain, build balanced teams. Progress into job system mastery and stat optimization. Push into endgame territory where Arithmeticians and Holy Knights bend the rules of combat. If you hit difficulty walls, revisit your strategy, FFT rarely requires grinding if your tactical approach is sound.

The game respects player intelligence and rewards curiosity. Hidden content isn’t labeled: you discover it through exploration and experimentation. Broken builds aren’t accidents: they’re the result of understanding job synergies deeply enough to exploit them. That depth, even decades later, is why FFT remains essential for anyone serious about tactical RPGs.

Pick it up on PS4, clear your schedule, and prepare for one of the most engaging strategic experiences gaming has to offer. Just be patient with the early game pacing, the payoff is worth it. As you master Ivalice’s intricacies, you’ll understand why Final Fantasy Tactics Remastered remains a benchmark that modern tactical games still chase. For those seeking even deeper customization, explore Final Fantasy crafting systems to optimize gear progression and check RPG Site for community discussions and additional strategy insights that continue to thrive decades after release.

The War of the Lions awaits. Strategy prevails.